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Data Systems at Scale

Course Contents

One Size Fits None: The Database Landscape

Relational Databases: The Default for a Reason

Key-Value Stores

Document Databases

Wide-Column Databases

Graph Databases

Time-Series Databases

Full-Text Search Databases

Vector Databases

SQL vs NoSQL: The Decision Rubric

Data Modeling for Scale: Entities & Access Patterns

NoSQL Modeling: Denormalization & Single-Table Design

Checkpoint: The Database Landscape & Data Modeling

Inside a Database: The Journey of a Write

B-Trees & B+ Trees

LSM Trees & SSTables

WAL & Durability: Why Committed Data Survives

Indexes Deep-Dive

MVCC: Readers Don't Block Writers

How a Query Executes

Checkpoint: Database Internals

Replication Topologies

Sync vs Async Replication & Failover

Quorums: N, R, W

The Consistency Spectrum

PACELC: CAP's Grown-Up Sibling

Read Repair & Hinted Handoff

Version Conflicts

Codelab: Postgres Replication + Failover

Checkpoint: Replication & Consistency

The Read-Scaling Playbook

Read Replicas & Replication Lag

Denormalization

Materialized Views

Connection Pooling for Databases

Query Optimization in Practice

Caches & Databases: Read-Your-Writes Coherence

Checkpoint: Scaling Reads

Partitioning vs Sharding

Choosing a Shard Key

Consistent Hashing

Resharding & Hot Shards

Distributed ID Generation

Write Batching & Buffering

Codelab: Partition a Dataset

Checkpoint: Scaling Writes & Partitioning

ACID, Precisely

Isolation Levels & Their Anomalies

Pessimistic vs Optimistic Locking

The Distributed Transaction Problem

Two-Phase Commit (and Why 3PC Exists)

Saga: The Data-Consistency Mechanics

Outbox + CDC: Reliable Events from Your Database

Idempotency as a Discipline

Flash Sale: Inventory Under Contention

Codelab: Trigger Isolation Anomalies

Checkpoint: Transactions & Concurrency

Block vs File vs Object Storage

Design an S3: Blob Storage as a System

Distributed File Systems

Erasure Coding vs Replication

Video Transcoding Pipelines

Tiered & Cold Storage

Checkpoint: Storage Systems

When Ordinary Indexes Fail

Geospatial Search: The Problem

Count-Min Sketch

MinHash & Similarity Sketches

Inverted Index + TF-IDF/BM25

Skip Lists & Merkle Trees

Checkpoint: Specialized Indexes & Sketches

Capstone Pass 2: The Marketplace Data Layer

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